Torii, the sacred portal of Japan (2024)

Another door to Japan

Japanese shrines often have a door before their door: the torii. These portals mark the border between the secular world and the sacred space of the shrine, and have become particularly characteristic symbols of religion in Japan. Discover here their characteristics, their origin and their history!

A Shinto legend, the origins of the Torii

The origin of the torii is not clearly identified. Some think that they would have sources in India or Nepal, like the torana . The latter being porticoes at the entrance to sacred places.

However, in the Kojiki, a collection of myths concerning the origin of the Japanese archipelago and the kami (Shinto deities) written in 712, we find the following legend: the sun goddess, Amaterasu , angry with her brother, s' was locked in a cave. The world was then plunged into darkness and there was chaos. The kami (deities) gathered to think about how to get the goddess out of her cave and, at first, " The Kami gathered the birds in the long song of darkness" , that is to say the roosters, and made them sing to attract the goddess to the outside.

What is a torii?

Just as the Japanese pantheon includes a multitude of deities , there are countless types of torii . They can however be subdivided into two main categories : shinmei torii (upright torii) which includes 5 main variants and myôjin torii (curved torii), which includes 6 main variants.

Torii are usually made of wood, and painted in vermilion . Some have the base painted black. They are also found in stone, sometimes in bronze or even in concrete. A torii consists of two lintels , an upper lintel, the ends of which can be curved upward, called a kasagi, and a lower lintel which is named nuki . The sacred twisted straw rope, shimenawa , is sometimes hung on the lower lintel.

The lintels are supported by two pillars, hashira , which in some cases may be accompanied by a smaller pillar at the front and rear, oriented in a line perpendicular to the lintels. They are based on a base called kamebara .

  • Read also: Must-see Shinto shrines

The entrance to the Shinto shrines

The torii is generally installed at the entrance of Shinto shrines , but it can also be placed at the beginning of a street leading to a shrine or in the middle of a field or land, announcing that the place is sacred. . It is not uncommon to also see three torii far from each other but aligned on the same axis, before the entrance of a sanctuary.

La coutume shintoïste veut que l'on entre et sorte du sanctuaire par le même torii, afin de revenir correctement dans le monde profane après avoir été en contact avec le sacré. Certains visiteurs préfèrent donc contourner le torii s'ils ne sont pas certains de repasser par le même chemin.

Franchir un torii engage à adopter une conduite pure et respectueuse dans l'enceinte du sanctuaire. Il convient de parler calmement et de maintenir les lieux propres.

Il faut également veiller à ne pas poser ses mains sur les piliers ou s'appuyer contre les torii par égard pour ces portiques vénérables qui accueillent le passage des divinités.

De même, par respect pour le caractère sacré du lieu, il est d'usage d'éviter de prendre des photos sous le torii ou de dos quand on l'a franchi. On se place de préférence de côté pour les clichés souvenirs.

Some emblematic torii of Japan

An attribute of Shinto shrines, the torii has become a true emblem of Japan . Who does not have in mind the majestic vermilion portal of Itsukushima shrine , lost in the sea? Located on the edge of Miyajima Island , in Hiroshima Bay, this torii is distinguished by its 16 meters high and a 4-post structure. Traditionally, travelers had to pass under it before setting foot on the sacred land of the island. It is also part of one of the " three most famous views of Japan ".

There is also the Hakone Shrine Floating Torii in Lake Ashi , Hakone. Every day, hundreds of tourists line up to take their picture in front of the vermilion gate with the lake and the mountains as a backdrop ...

Le torii, un symbole incontournable de la culture japonaise

Emblème du shintoïsme et du Japon, le torii s'est exporté bien au-delà de l'archipel. On retrouve aujourd'hui ce symbole un peu partout dans le monde sur des affiches, des logos, des objets… évoquant instantanément le pays du Soleil Levant.

L'esthétique épurée de cette arche élégante et son aura spirituelle lui confèrent un pouvoir d'évocation universel. Image de sagesse et de paix intérieure, le torii invite au recueillement, au lâcher-prise et au respect de la nature, des valeurs essentielles du shintoïsme qui inspirent partout.

Certains torii construits à l'étranger sont même devenus de véritables attractions locales, comme celui du Japanese Tea Garden à San Francisco ou celui du parc oriental Maulévrier en France.

Que ce soit au Japon devant un authentique sanctuaire ou ailleurs dans le monde devant une réplique décorative, passer un torii reste un expérience symbolique forte qui relie à la culture et aux traditions millénaires nippones.

Faire don d'un torii : une pratique courante pour obtenir la bénédiction des dieux

Au Japon, il est courant pour des particuliers ou des entreprises de faire don d'un torii à un sanctuaire en échange des bienfaits des kamis. Le nom du donateur, la date et parfois un vœu y sont alors inscrits.

Cette pratique appelée kiganbun permet aux sanctuaires de renouveler régulièrement leurs nombreux torii grâce aux dons des fidèles. C'est aussi pour les donateurs un acte de piété et de générosité censé leur attirer la protection divine.

Le coût d'un petit torii votif avoisine les 400.000 yens (~3000€). Mais les plus grands torii peuvent atteindre plusieurs dizaines de millions de yens. Ce geste pieux constitue donc un investissem*nt conséquent mais gratifiant.

Les longues allées de torii comme au Fushimi Inari Taisha sont le fruit de multiples dons de ce type. En contrepartie de son offrande, le donateur peut y faire calligraphier discrètement son nom sur les montants du torii. C'est une forme de réclame et de fierté que d'avoir son "propre" torii dans un lieu saint très passant.

Quand un torii est abîmé par les intempéries, il sera là aussi remplacé par un nouveau grâce aux dons. L'ancien portail sacré sera alors brûlé rituellement ou entreposé respectueusem*nt à l'écart.

Ces dons et renouvellements permanents assurent aux torii une présence pérenne dans le paysage des sanctuaires japonais depuis des siècles, pour le plus grand plaisir des kamis et des visiteurs.

Torii, the sacred portal of Japan (2024)

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